When the end leakage flux or end leakage inductance cannot be ignored in a permanent magnet (PM) machine (e. g. a PM machine with a short axial length). the analysis of the machine is a time-consuming three-dimensional (3-D) issue. https://www.jmannino.com/flash-grab-German-WW1-Helmet-Decal-Specialized-Machine-Gunners-Regiment-top-mega/